列聯表Contingency table/交叉表Cross tab
以類別陣列呈現的表格，特稱為列聯表Contingency table，或稱交叉表Cross tab。
分析行列間差異或關聯的統計工具有很多，其中最常用、也最適用的就是卡方分析。
由於研究目的包括：
探索行與列是否呈「自變項à應變項」關係；
或可不究其應變、自變關係，而只檢定變項間是否獨立，故以「向(Way)」表示其變項數，最常用的「雙向(Two-way)列聯表」就是行變項、與列變項各1的情形；「多向(Multi-way)列聯表」就是行變項、或列變項超過2的情形；
而「單向(One-way)列聯表」就是單一類別變項，其水準之間是否有差異的情形。
In statistics, a contingency table (also referred to as cross tabulation or cross tab) is a type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the variables. The term contingency table was first used by Karl Pearson in "On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation", part of the Drapers' Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series I published in 1904.
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